Fluxapyroxad is a broad-spectrum fungicide that inhibits the succinate dehydrogenase (SQR) enzyme.

Hexaconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis via inhibition of the cytochrome P450-dependent 14α-demethylation of lanosterol which results in disruption of the fungal cell membrane and cell death.

Columbianetin is a new phytoalexin associated with celery (Apium graveolens) resistance to pathogens during storage it also has antifungal activity. Columbianetin has anti-inflammatory effects it promotes histamine release and inhibits the histamine release by substance P suggests that it may be helpful in regulating mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory responses. (2'S)-columbianetin can be effectively used to protect keratinocytes from UVB induced damage.