Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent, a sodium channel blocker. The deficient debrisoquine hydroxylation of Sparteine is due to the absence of P-450IID1 protein in the livers of poor metabolizers.

NubO (68–75), Ndufa4 (68–75)

Kaempferol 3-O-(2′′-O-α-rhamnosyl-6′′-O-malonyl-β-glucoside) is a flavonoid glycoside compound.