Sodium caseinates are proteins found in milk that induce proliferation and activation of granulocytes, and can induce granulopoiesis in mice.

1-Methylhydantoin is a small molecular weight polar substance the product of degradation of creatinine by bacteria. In mammals the metabolism of 1-methylhydantoin occurs via 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin. In a reported human case 1-Methylhydantoin was found as an unexpected metabolite of the intelligence-affecting substance dupracetam.

Porcupine-IN-1 is an effective porcupine inhibitor (IC50: 0.5±0.2 nM).