Jionoside A1 is isolated and purified from the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa.

Org41841 is an agonist of luteinising hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (EC50s: 0.2 and 7.7 μM, respectively) and can be used to study hyperthyroidism.

D-proline is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Proline. D-amino acids have been found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva. These amino acids may be of bacterial origin but there is also evidence that they are endogenously produced through amino acid racemase activity.