Apelin-13 is an endogenous ligand of APJ receptor, and the EC 50 value of activated G protein coupled receptor is 0.37 nM.

Methyl nicotinate is the methyl ester of that is used as an active ingredient as a rubefacient in over-the-counter topical preparations indicated for muscle and joint pain.?The action of methyl nicotinate as a rubefacient is thought to involve peripheral vasodilation.

Dihydroguaiaretic acid has antioxidative activity, can significantly protect primary cultured neuronal cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress.