Kaempferol-3-O-galactoside has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.

Secretin (swine), a neuroendocrine hormone, is the first hormone to be identifie and is secreted by S cells that are localized primarily in the mucosa of the duodenum. Secretin also is a 27-amino acid peptide, which acts on secretin receptors. Secretin is expressed by cells in all mature enteroendocrine cell subsets and can be prompted by fatty acids. Secretin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic water and bicarbonate. Secretin exerts various effects in organs, can be used for the research of digestive system, central nervous system and energy metabolism.

Astragaloside A (Astragaloside IV) is the primary pure saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, which has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.