Alpha factor mating pheromone is a peptide of 13 amino acids secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae α cells.

2-Deoxy-D-ribose induces apoptosis by inhibiting the synthesis and increasing the efflux of glutathione.

Astragaloside may protect against brain contusion and neuronal apoptosis after TBI by attenuating microglia activation in male rats. Astragalosides-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells may be associated with down-regulation of the expression of BCL-2 and NF-κB finally the relative activity of caspase-3 activated.