NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons as part of a reducing reaction. In that process NADH becomes oxidized to produce NAD+. A variety of enzymes use NADH plus H+ to reduce substrates generating NAD+ as well as the reduced product.

Hordenine (hydrochloride), an alkaloid found in plants, inhibits melanogenesis by suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production.

Kaempferol 3,7-bis(α-L-rhamnose-D-glucose) (compound 1) is a flavonoid glycoside that can be found in Euonymus fortune.