2-Hydroxycaproic acid is a branched-chain alpha-keto acid that has been reported in normal human blood and in normal amniotic fluid. It has been found that 2-Hydroxycaproic acid is the most significant metabolite found in the CSF of patients infected with Nocardia.

Cefoxitin sodium is a cephamycin antibiotic, often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins, acts by interfering with cell wall synthesis.

Cyclo(Ile-Val) shows moderate antifungal and weak antitumor activities in vitro.