NXY-059 (Disufenton sodium) is a free radical-trapping agent that demonstrates a considerable neuroprotective effect in vivo.

SMA-12b is an analog of the immunomodulatory parasite product ES-62 that has immunomodulatory activity, can modify the expression of many inflammatory response genes.

Glycyrrhizin-6′,6′′-dimethylester (compound 23) is a licorice saponin isolated from licorice root. Glycyrrhizin-6′,6′′-dimethylester can participate as an aglycone in the generation of methyl glucuronate, producing similar threshold sweetness, licorice, and bitterness.