Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

11-epi-mogroside V is a mogroside in the fruit of Siraitia grosvenori. 11-epi-mogroside V exhibits considerable bioactivity in promoting glucose uptake in human HepG2 cells in vitro.

AICAR monophosphate, a purine precursor with antineoplastic activity, is important in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes as well as a possible treatment of various cancer types.