Palmitoyl CoA lithium (Palmitoyl coenzyme A lithium) is a major component of fatty acids involved in the carnitine shuttle system, beta-oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and can be used to study metabolic disorders in the body.

N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine also known as N-ac-L-arg-OH or N-alpha-acetylarginine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-acyl-l-alpha-amino acids.

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a recently identified intestinal epithelium-specific growth factor that has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammatory disorders of the intestine in rodent models. Currently Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 is used as a potential therapeutic agent for the human subjects with a broad variety of intestinal diseases characterized by intestinal damage and insufficiency.