D-Mannose is a hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants.

In cells D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) is generated when glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase or glucokinase or by the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase during glycogenolysis. G6P lies at the beginning of both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways. It also can be stored as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high.

Sodium succinate is the sodium salt form of succinate which is an important metabolite at the cross-road of several metabolic pathways and involved in the formation and elimination of reactive oxygen species.