D-Tagatose a rare natural hexoketose is an isomer of d-galactose. D-Tagatose occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and it is also found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk hot cocoa and a variety of cheeses yogurts and other dairy products.

Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism.

N1-Acetylspermidine hydrochloride, an acetyl derivative of spermidine, serves as a substrate for polyamine oxidase and selectively elevates its levels in human colorectal adenocarcinomas.