Cynaroside is found in anise. Luteolin 7-glucoside is a constituent of the leaves of Capsicum annuum (red pepper).

CRT0044876 is a potent and selective APE1 inhibitor with IC50 of ~3 μM.

Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans. It is abundant in human plasma particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. Threonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. It also can probably promote cell immune defense function.