The extract of A. vera and its active ingredient aloin cause melanin aggregation leading to skin lightening via alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation.

Pimecrolimus, like all ascomycins, is an immunophilin ligand, which binds specifically to the cytosolic receptor, immunophilin macrophilin-12.

4-Hydroxy-35-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is a kind of phenol with antiviral properties.