Melezitose is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis by an enzyme reaction.

Polygalasaponin F has anti-neuroinflammatory activity, can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and NO induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and reduce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases.

Traxanox is an orally available diuretic.Traxanox enhances phagocytosis of yeast granules by mouse peritoneal macrophages or rat peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro.Restorative effect of Traxanox on inhibition of antibody production in BALB/c mice.