Palatinose is a disaccharide having an α(1→6) linkage between D-glucose and D-fructose and is similar to sucrose in its physicochemical properties. It is produced from sucrose in some bacteria by the action of sucrose isomerase. In mammalian gut palatinose is hydrolyzed and absorbed much more slowly than sucrose.

4-Allylanisole is found in allspiceand is a constituent of many essential oils. 4-Allylanisole is a flavouring agent.

Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (TFA) is an integrin binding sequence that inhibits integrin receptor function.