4-Ethyloctanoic acid is a natural product ?isolated from Saussurea lappa Clarkeacts as food additiveIndustrial perfumeand so on.

p2Ca, a naturally processed peptide that derives from a ubiquitous enzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and is recognized in association with the class I MHC protein, Ld, by a CTL clone (2C).

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radicals. Aralosides have anti-inflammatory effect, they also can effectively prevent acute alcoholic liver injury.