C-Peptide, dog is a component of proinsulin, released from pancreatic beta cells into blood together with insulin. The C-peptide of proinsulin is important for the biosynthesis of insulin but has for a long time been considered to be biologically inert.

UDP-Glucose sodium salt is an endogenous nucleotide sugar involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. It is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor (EC50 = 0.35 μM). It can also bind to and activate GPR17 inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation at a maximal concentration of 100 μM.

PF-431396 is a dual PYK2/FAK inhibitor (IC50: 11/2 nM).