Monascin is a kind of azaphilonoid pigments extracted from Monascus pilosus-fermented rice (red-mold rice).

Human LL-37 is a 37 amino acid cationic (6+) peptide and has been widely studied. LL-37 penetrates the bacterial membrane and forms pores in the membrane.

X-press Tag is an N-terminal leader peptide; this N-terminal peptide contains a polyhistidine sequence, the Xpress epitope (part of bacteriophage T7 gene 10 protein) and an enterokinase cleavage site. Anti-Xpress antibodies recognize the Xpress epitope sequence found in this leader peptide.