JHU-083, a proagent of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), is an orally active and selective glutaminase antagonist. JHU-083 blocks glutaminase activity in brain CD11b+ cells and experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) resulting in a net decrease of glutamate levels in the animals.

Trans-caffeic acid stearyl ester is posited to inhibit melanogenesis signaling while suppressing cAMP levels and, subsequently, MC1R, MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-2 and TRP-1 down-regulation, resulting in the suppression of tyrosinase activity, DOPA oxidase activity and melanin synthesis.

ACTH (1-17) TFA is a corticotrophin analogue and an effective human melanocortin 1 (MC1) receptor agonist with Ki value of 0.21 nM.