Elamipretide is a novel mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant.?Treatment with elamipretide significantly ameliorated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment during behavioral tests.

Argireline (Acetyl hexapeptide-3) is composed of chains of amino acids known as peptides. Argireline significantly inhibits Ca2+ dependent neurotransmitter release (acetylcholine) at the neuromuscular junction.

Zedoarondiol has anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions by suppressing the phosphorylations of IKK and MAPKs, and by subsequently inactivating the NF-kappaB pathway.