D-proline is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Proline. D-amino acids have been found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva. These amino acids may be of bacterial origin but there is also evidence that they are endogenously produced through amino acid racemase activity.

Apigenin-7-diglucuronide is a flavonoid glycoside and is present in an assortment of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory or ant-oxidant activities. Apigenin-7-diglucuronide protects retinas against bright light-induced photoreceptor degeneration through the inhibition of retinal oxidative stress and inflammation.

YM 534 has antitumor activity and platelet aggregation activity, inhibits photoaffinity labeling of deglycosylated P-glycoprotein, and can be used to study leukemia.