Elgodipine significantly reduced the incidence and severity of exercise-induced angina pectoris systemically and was able to inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation through a mechanism independent of the expression of the transcription factors c-fos and c-jun.

1,3-Propanediol is a natural product produced by microbial fermentation of glycerol.

An iron chelator that binds iron and aluminium; increases HIF-1α transactivation in diabetes by preventing iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen stress.