4-Methyl-2-pentanone is an organic solvent. It is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine. It in urine is considered a biological marker of occupational exposure to this solvent.

H-Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val-OH (IKVAV) is a short peptide with a sequence length of 5, present in the extracellular matrix (ECM), on the α-laminin chain.

Purpureaside C is a phenolic glycoside with significant proinflammatory, immunomodulating and antimicrobial effects.