Apelin-12 is one of the most potent C-terminal fragments of the polypeptide that possesses a high affinity to orphan receptor APJ receptor. Apelin-12 is involved in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis and in the central control of feeding. Apelin-12 blocks HIV-1 entry through APJ receptor. Apelin-12 exerts neuroprotective effect.

Amylin, amide, human TFA, a 37-amino acid polypeptide, is a pancreatic hormone cosecreted with insulin that exerts unique roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis.

Vaccarin E is a natural product of Vaccaria, Caryophyllaceae. Vaccarin E can be used as a reference standard.