4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide is a highly carcinogenic modeling compound that induces mutations in bacteria, fungi and animals by forming numerous purine adducts.

Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by a mechanism associated with DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment.

H-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-NH2 is a peptide that mimics the N-terminal Gly-Pro-Arg region in the a chain of fibrin protein. H-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-NH2 prevents fibrin polymerization.