Gastrodin, an anti-inflammatory polyphenol extracted from Chinese natural herbal Gastrodia elata Blume., benefits neurodegenerative diseases.

Colocynthin is a cucurbitane triterpenoid glycoside that can be isolated from the bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis).

1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a purine alkaloid that occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans.?As an antioxidant, it has shown an ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals as well as protective potential against lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes.