Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt is a nucleoside diphosphate is a potential iron mobilizer which prevents the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction and modulating the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/stat-3 pathway.

Spermidine inhibits NOS1 (nNOS). Spermidine binds and precipitates DNA and may be used for purification of DNA binding proteins. Spermidine activates PNK (polynucleotide kinase T4). Spermidine binds to and activates NMDA and has been shown to potentiate NMDA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner.

CMP-Sialic acid sodium salt (CMP-Neu5Ac sodium salt) is a variant inhibitor of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, the activated form of sialic acid, which is widely found in animals and is involved in the metabolism of organisms.