Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a recently identified intestinal epithelium-specific growth factor that has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammatory disorders of the intestine in rodent models. Currently Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 is used as a potential therapeutic agent for the human subjects with a broad variety of intestinal diseases characterized by intestinal damage and insufficiency.

Dimethylmalonic acid（2,2-Dimethylmalonic acid） is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid found in human serum that can be used to prevent or retard denaturation of fish actinomyosin in freezing buffer solution (pH 7).

Spaglumic acid is a neuropeptide found in millimolar concentrations in the brain.Spaglumic Acid is released upon depolarization by a Ca2+-dependent process and is an agonist at mGluR3 receptors and an antagonist at NMDA receptors.