Malonic acid (propanedioic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency which is an inborn error of metabolism.

3-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester

ABI-1968 PM is a derivative of ABI-1968, an apoptosis-stimulating agent and an inhibitor of viral replication.