Trifolirhizin exerts varying degrees of inhibition on tyrosinase-dependent melanin biosynthesis, and therefore, are candidates as skin-whitening agents.

Quercetin-3-O-D-glucosyl]-(1-2)-L-rhamnoside is main antioxidant from Shuxuening, an herbal medicines injection.

Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body.