Naringin 4'-glucoside has antioxidant ability.

Aminooxyacetic acid hemihydrochloride is a malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) inhibitor which also inhibits the GABA degradating enzyme GABA-T.

Betaine is also known as trimethylamine, and is the quaternary ammonium derivatives of glycine and a class of N-methyl-compound or trimethyl inner salt after the hydrogen of the amino group being substituted by the methyl group.