Iodoantipyrine is a commonly-used indicator and is used to evaluate in rats by measuring torcular venous efflux after systemic injection of the indicator under conditions of normal and high CBF.

Osteostatin (1-5) amide (human, bovine, dog, horse, mouse, rabbit, rat) (Human PTHrP (107-111) amide) is a C-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein fragment that can inhibit bone resorption.

The impact of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling might be prominent in lupus because (i) Syk is a shared downstream signaling molecule among circulating immune complex, LPS, and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), and (ii) all of these factors are detectable in the serum of Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcgRIIb-/-) mice with sepsis. Syk inhibition downregulated several inflammatory pathways in FcgRIIb-/- macrophages activated with BG + LPS suggesting the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Syk inhibitors in lupus.