Tridecanoic acid is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid found in dairy products and also as a product of anaerobic biodegradation of n-hexadecane. It has been identified as a substrate of phospholipase A2.

Potassium 7-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfona is naturally present in the fruit of the Rubiaceae gardenia, the flowers of the Iridaceae crocus, and the flowers and leaves of the Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae.

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is a glucose analog and glucose antagonist that inhibits the maintenance of hippocampal LTP and can suppress tumor growth by inhibiting the glycolytic process.