GLP-2(rat) is an intestinal growth factor. GLP-2(rat) stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. GLP-2(rat) enhances mucosal mass and function in residual small intestine after massive small bowel resection (MSBR).

MES (2-Morpholinoethanesulphonic acid), a zwitterionic buffer, is effective in the pH range of 5.5-7.7. MES, as one of the Good’s buffers, is broadly used to regulate pH value for plants culture medium, reagent solution, and physiological experiments.

Neuropeptide AF (cattle), an amidated octadecapeptide, is RFamide neuropeptide. Neuropeptide AF (cattle) acts as a ligand of Mas-related gene receptor A4 (MrgprA4) (Mas-related G-protein-coupled Receptor (MRGPR)) (EC50 of ~60 nM) and MrgprC11 (EC50 of ~300 nM). Neuropeptide AF (cattle) also activate to the G protein-coupled receptors NPFF1 (Neuropeptide Y Receptor) (EC50 of ~25-325 nM) and NPFF2 (EC50 of ~1-5 nM). Neuropeptide AF (cattle) shows anti-opiate and related pain modulation effects.