3-Hydroxy-C4-HSL (N-3-hydroxybutyryl-L-Homoserine lactone) is an N-acyl homoserine lactone obtained from pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus in fish and is a bacterial group sensing (QS) inducer that modulates bacterial signaling and can be used in the study of bacterial infections.

Terminolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid glucoside isolated from Combretum racemosum,?can inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines by binding to receptor active site of IL-1β and IL-6, and enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines by binding to IL-4 receptor binding sites.

Kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate(Ksg) specifically inhibits translation initiation of canonical but not of leaderless messenger RNAs. Ksg inhibition is thought to occur by direct competition with initiator transfer RNA.