Dimethyl DL-glutamate is a cell-permeant glutamic acid derivative that enhances insulin release in response to glucose in isolated islets and in animal models of diabetes.

Heptadecanoic acid is a fatty acid of exogenous (primarily ruminant) origin. Many "odd" length long chain amino acids are derived from the consumption of dairy fats (milk and meat).

RGD peptide (GRGDNP) (TFA) promote apoptosis through activation of conformation changes that enhance pro-caspase-3 activation and autoprocessing.