Amyloid β-peptide fragment; minimum section required to bind to brain proteins. Binds with high affinity to α7-nicotinic ACh receptors, and impairs memory retention following central administration in mice in vivo.

Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) antagonist. Blocks S100P, S100A4 and HMGB-1 mediated RAGE activation in vitro and in vivo. Inhibits growth and metastasis of rat glioma tumors. Reduces cell growth and RAGE-mediated NF-κB activity in human PDAC cell lines. Inhibits effects of TDI exposure in BALB/c mice.

Intracerebroventricular administration of synthetic peptides Beta-amyloid (12-20), (12-28), and (18-28) causes amnesia in mice. These peptides have only amino acid residues VFF at position 18 to 20 in common, suggesting the amnestic effect of the triad.