Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as evidenced by decreased Bcl-2 expression levels, disruption of MMP and increased Bax, cytochrome C, and cleaved-caspase-3 levels.

NF-κΒ activator 2 is a potent and orally active NF-κB activator, with an EC 50 of 1.58 μM. NF-κΒ activator 2 induces SOD 2 through increasing NF-κB expression and activation. NF-κΒ activator 2 can be used for the research of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) .

Gue1654 is a selective OXE-R inhibitor that attenuates coronary artery ligation-induced ischemic myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced injury in mice through activation of BCAT1.