Astragaloside may protect against brain contusion and neuronal apoptosis after TBI by attenuating microglia activation in male rats. Astragalosides-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells may be associated with down-regulation of the expression of BCL-2 and NF-κB finally the relative activity of caspase-3 activated.

Genipin is an active aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, which is found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

Kelampayoside A is a natural product from Callicarpa peii.