[Sar1, Ile8]-Angiotensin II (TFA) is a peptide that has multiple effects on vascular smooth muscle, including contraction of normal arteries and hypertrophy or hyperplasia of cultured cells or diseased vessels.

The fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.